Jet grouting is a ground improvement technique that involves injecting high-pressure grout into the soil to break up and mix it with cementitious material, creating columns of improved ground with enhanced strength and reduced permeability. This process allows for the treatment of a wide range of soil types. In tunnelling projects, jet grouting is commonly used to control groundwater, stabilise soil around shafts or tunnel portals, and provide temporary or permanent support in areas of weak or v