Abstract: Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) occupy a pivotal position in the contemporary societal landscape, with one of their widespread applications being the vehicle routing problem, ...
Abstract: The graph coloring problem involves coloring the nodes of a graph using the minimum number of colors such that no two adjacent nodes share the same color. This NP-hard problem has various ...
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China ...
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