Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

This module covers the fundamental ideas underlying design of modern digital systems. This module explains the basis of circuit elements, how they are interconnected to form digital circuits and also ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

Field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes have been shown to be faster and less energy consuming than their silicon counterparts. However, ensuring these advantages are maintained for ...