Discover how to accurately calculate beta in Excel, understand its importance in finance, and ensure consistency by choosing the correct time periods for data analysis.

Abstract: Due to the wide application of time-varying underdetermined linear matrix-vector equation (TVUDLMVE), solving it has been a great important topic in both scientific and engineering fields.

Multivariable equations are recommended by primary prevention guidelines to assess absolute risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current equations have several limitations. Therefore, we ...