Fusion energy has always had a tritium problem. The fuel that powers every leading reactor design barely exists on Earth in usable quantities, and the best candidate for breeding it inside a reactor — ...

In computer science, the research area of algorithms investigates formal procedures for solving computational problems, emphasizing correctness, efficiency, and resource optimization. It encompasses ...

Abstract: Large-scale optimization problems that involve thousands of decision variables have extensively arisen from various industrial areas. As a powerful optimization tool for many real-world ...

Abstract: The control of virus spreading over complex networks with a limited budget has attracted much attention but remains challenging. This article aims at addressing the combinatorial, discrete ...

Pioneering computer scientist who devised the Quicksort algorithm, ways of verifying programs and guards against hackers Tony Hoare, who has died aged 92, did much to transform computer program ...

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, particularly artificial neural networks, have proved to be highly promising tools for uncovering patterns in large amounts of data that would otherwise be ...

Algorithms have taken on an almost mythical significance in the modern world. They determine what you see on social media and when browsing online, help form people’s belief systems, and impact the ...

Cryptographers want encryption schemes that are impossible for tomorrow’s quantum computers to crack. There’s only one catch: they might not exist. When we check email, log in to our bank accounts, or ...