Can a computer program think like a human? “Can machines think?” Ever since Alan Turing posed this question in an influential 1950 paper, it has been central to research in artificial intelligence.

The problem of energy and its conservation is more than a century old in general relativity (GR) and is considered by many scholars to be, at least, not sufficiently solved. The problem’s core lies in ...

Spin glasses—systems with disordered magnetic interactions—serve as a fundamental model for studying complexity in physics. While their behavior is well characterized in fully connected (i.e., ...

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Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, ...

Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator. Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted. Marine waste ...

The paper presents quantum model of subjective text perception based on binary cognitive distinctions corresponding to words of natural language. The result of perception is quantum cognitive state ...

All through human civilization, optimization has played a major role, from aerodynamics to airline scheduling, delivery routing, and telecommunications decoding. Optimization is receiving increasing ...

Adding the terms quadratic in the curvature to the Einstein-Hilbert action renders gravity renormalizable. This property is preserved in the presence of the most general renormalizable couplings with ...

Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a light-powered proton pump identified by community sequencing of ocean samples. Previous studies have established the ecological distribution and enzymatic activity of PR, but ...