The article references ECU tuning specifically. Removing EGR, disabling DEF, cutting out a cat and replacing it with a straight pipe, are not tunes. Those are mods. Mods that are being increasingly ...

Most people know Volkswagen for its famous Beetle or Bus models from this era, but it was also working on some new technology still used in cars today.

And I have never heard one in years of driving (unless you count the factory overrun of n my car). And yet people drive lightly tuned cars for years without issue. I had a supercharger pulley upgrade ...