The Free Market Foundation (FMF) has called upon Parliament to repeal the Expropriation Act of 2024 and set about introducing ...

Direct expropriation involves the seizure – whether legally or factually – of an investor’s investment and occurs where, for example, a State seizes by force an investor’s property or ...

They alleged, among other things, that Venezuela and its oil company had taken their property in violation of international law, and that the FSIA’s expropriation exception gave the court jurisdiction ...

Plaintiffs relied upon the "expropriation exception" of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to secure jurisdiction over the foreign sovereign. The authors discuss two such cases, 'Toren v.