Different scientific fields have their own ways of evaluating validity. Engineers test new designs against safety and performance standards. Medical researchers use controlled experiments to verify ...

This study provides a solid validity inferential network to guide the development, interpretation, and use of machine learning-based next-generation science assessments (NGSAs). Given that machine ...

String theory, conceptualized more than 50 years ago as a framework to explain the formation of matter, remains elusive as a “provable” phenomenon. But a team of physicists has now taken a significant ...

There is only one certainty in life: everyone will die, from the poorest to the richest. Death is a certainty of life to humans, and we can’t defeat it… or can we? Humans have been trying to avoid ...