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Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

Brief review of conditional probability and expectation followed by a study of Markov chains, both discrete and continuous time. Queuing theory, terminology, and single queue systems are studied with ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract This paper considers an n-phase generalization of the typical M/M/1 queuing model, where the queuing-type birth-and-death process is defined ...